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Global chromatin conformation differences in the Drosophila dosage compensated chromosome X.

Koustav Pal, Mattia Forcato, Daniel Jost, Thomas Sexton, Cedric Vaillant, Elisa Salviato, Emilia MC Mazza, Enrico Lugli, Giacomo Cavalli, and Francesco Ferrari (2019)

Nat Commun, 10(1):5355.

In Drosophila melanogaster the single male chromosome X undergoes an average twofold transcriptional upregulation for balancing the transcriptional output between sexes. Previous literature hypothesised that a global change in chromosome structure may accompany this process. However, recent studies based on Hi-C failed to detect these differences. Here we show that global conformationaldifferences are specifically present in the male chromosome X and detectable using Hi-C data on sex-sorted embryos, as well as male and female cell lines, byleveraging custom data analysis solutions. We find the male chromosome X has more mid-/long-range interactions. We also identify differences at structural domain boundaries containing BEAF-32 in conjunction with CP190 or Chromator. Weakening of these domain boundaries in male chromosome X co-localizes with the binding ofthe dosage compensation complex and its co-factor CLAMP, reported to enhance chromatin accessibility. Together, our data strongly indicate that chromosome X dosage compensation affects global chromosome structure.

 
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